What is human papillomavirus (HPV)?
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that spreads through sexual contact. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in Canada. Most people do not know they have HPV because they do not have any symptoms. Even without symptoms, a person can still pass on the virus to their partner. Certain types of HPV infection, if left untreated, can lead to cancer.
HPV is very common. About one in four Canadians under the age of 25 have HPV.
There are many different strains of HPV. The HPV vaccine protects against the four most common strains:
- The strains HPV-6 and HPV-11 cause genital warts.
- HPV-16 and HPV-18 are the leading cause of cancers of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that narrows into a canal and opens into the vagina. These strains can also cause cancers in the penis and anus as well as cancers of the head and neck.
In Canada, three vaccines can protect against HPV: Gardasil, Gardasil 9 and Cervarix.
How can the HPV vaccine help protect against HPV?
Gardasil and Gardasil 9 protect against the four most common types of HPV:
- HPV 16 and HPV 18, which cause about 70 percent of all cancers of the cervix.
- HPV 6 and HPV 11, which cause about 90 percent of all genital warts.
Gardasil-9 also protects against five additional high-risk strains of HPV (HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) that are associated with the development of cancer.
Gardasil and Gardasil 9 can be given to people who have a cervix between the ages of nine and 45 and people assigned male at birth between the ages of nine and 26. Gardasil-9 is available to adolescents through publicly funded school vaccine programs in every province and territory in Canada, though the exact grade level at which it is given is different across the country.
Cervarix protects against HPV 16 and HPV 18. It can be given to people who have a cervix between the ages of nine and 45.
Important facts about the HPV vaccine
There are many common myths about the HPV virus and vaccine. The correct information is provided below so that you have all the facts when discussing sexual health and the HPV vaccine with your child.
The HPV vaccine is not a substitute for regular checkups
The vaccine protects against some types of HPV that can potentially lead to cancers. Regular checkups with a health-care provider are still important because not all cancers will be prevented by the vaccine. Adults who have a cervix will still be advised to be screened for cervical cancer, even after getting the HPV vaccine.
The vaccine cannot treat HPV infections or HPV-related disease
HPV vaccine helps prevent HPV-related infections or disease but will not treat an infection that has already happened. It is still important to get the vaccine, even if a person has or suspects they have an HPV infection, because they may still benefit from the protection the vaccine provides against other strains of the virus.
There is currently no medical cure for the HPV virus
Once someone is infected it can take weeks to months before genital warts become apparent. Warts inside the vaginal or anal areas may not be obvious. Some home therapies and other treatments in a health-care provider's office can be used to treat warts, but none can completely eliminate the virus. Even if the warts disappear, the virus can remain and warts recur. When warts are treated it can take eight months or longer for them to disappear.
HPV vaccines do not protect against other sexually transmitted infections
The HPV vaccine protects against genital warts, which is one type of sexually transmitted infection (STI). It cannot protect against all types of STIs, such as HIV, chlamydia or gonorrhea. It is important that people practice safe sex even if they have received the HPV vaacine. Parents should advise teens on how to reduce their risk of contracting STIs.
The HPV vaccine will not make your child more promiscuous
There is no evidence that giving the vaccination will increase sexual activity, and your child will not lose their virginity because of getting vaccinated.
The HPV vaccination is an opportunity for parents to discuss sex and health with their children. Parents should be talking about sex with their children regularly.
Is the vaccine protection long-lasting?
Studies show that people who have had the vaccine have good long-term protection against the HPV strains the vaccines were designed to prevent.
Are the HPV vaccines safe?
Studies show the HPV vaccines are safe. For all three vaccines, the most common side effects are soreness, redness or mild swelling at the site of injection. This is temporary. Your child will be observed for 15 minutes after receiving their vaccine to make sure they are not feeling dizzy or faint.
The vaccines contain particles that mimic the HPV virus. They do not contain any actual virus and they cannot infect you with HPV. The vaccines also do not contain any antibiotics or preservatives, such as mercury or thimerosal. Cervarix contains a new additive called (ASO4). According to Health Canada, ASO4 is safe.